Single-port Complete Thoracoscopic Lobectomy Feasibility

Single-port Complete Thoracoscopic Lobectomy Feasibility Clinical comparisons of single-port versus three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer patients Abstract Objective: To compare the feasibility and safety of single-port versus three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 60 lung cancer patients from June 2014 to August 2014 in Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University. There were 30 patients in single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy group (single-port group) and other 30 in three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy group (three-port group). Total lymph node harvest, mediastinal lymph node harvest, dissection of mediastinal lymph node groups, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, extubation time, postoperative hospital stay, visual analogue scale (VAS) one day after operation, and the complication rate were thoroughly compared between the two groups. Results: There were no significant differences in total lymph node harvest, mediastinal lymph node harvest, dissection of mediastinal lymph node groups, intraoperative blood loss, extubation time, postoperative hospital stay, and complication rate between the two groups (p> 0.05). However, the operation time of single-port group (209.0 ±45.5 min) was significantly longer than that of three-port group (154.5 ±30.9 min) (p Conclusion: For lung cancer patients, the feasibility and safety of single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy is similar to three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy. Compared with three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy, the operation time of single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy is longer, but its postoperative pain is gentler. As the experience accumulating, single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy should be popularized with its merits of minimal invasiveness. Keywords: single-port, three-port, lobectomy, lung cancer. Introduction: Currently, lobectomy is the prior intervention to treat early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [1]. As a minimally invasive technique, thoracoscopic lobectomy has been widely used in current thoracic department [2]. Although single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy has been introduced to treat NSCLC, no literature was available to compare its feasibility and safety with three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective comparison study in lung cancer patients enrolled from June 2014 to August 2014 to investigate the feasibility and safety of single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy. 1. Methods and materials 1.1 General information A total of 60 lung cancer patients from June 2014 to August 2014 in Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital were included in this retrospective study. There were 30 patients in single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy group (single-port group) and other 30 in three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy group (three-port group). All patients underwent associated examination such as thoracic computed tomography (CT), cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), skeletal emission computed tomography (ECT), and abdominal and cervical color Doppler ultrasound (CDU). Positron emission tomography-CT (PET-CT) might also need to be conducted to exclude metastasis if necessary. Electrocardiogram, cardiac CDU, and pulmonary function test were conducted to assess cardiopulmonary function. The inclusion criteria include: 1) patients with stage I-II (cTNM classification) peripheral lung cancer; 2) no thoracic surgery history; 3) lobectomy can be tolerated by card iopulmonary function; 4) preoperative complications have been stably controlled. 1.2 Anesthesia and surgical procedure Double-lumen endobronchial tubes (DLT) were used for intubation for the two groups, and the healthy lung received ventilation. All patients underwent thoracoscopic lobectomy under general anesthesia. For single-port group, a 3.5-4.5cm incision was made from the 4th intercostal space to the 5th intercostal space along the anterior axillary line. The patients underwent thoracoscopic lobectomy with video assistance. For three-port group, a 1.5cm observation port was made on the cross point of midaxillary line and the 7th intercostal space, and a 2-4cm operation port was made on the cross point of anterior axillary line and the 4th/5th intercostal space. A 1.5-2.5cm operation-aided port was made on the cross point of the 7th intercostal space and infrascapular line. For peripheral lung cancer, pulmonary wedge resection was conducted to remove the focus. Once the resection samples were confirmed as malignant tumor by fast frozen pathology, the following standard lobectomy and mediastinal lymphadenectomy would be employed. For central lung cancer, standard lobectomy was conducted. Once the resection samples were confirmed as malignant tumor by fast frozen pathology, the following mediastinal lymphadenectomy would be employed. Electrocautery and ultrasonic scalpel were used to distract the vessels and bronchus. Suture clamps were used to fix great vessels such as pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery and so on. Hemolock, titanium clip, electrocautery, ultrasonic scalpel and silk ligation were used to handle small vessels. No definite order was made to conduct the lobectomy, which mostly depended on the development of interlobar fissure. Specimen bag was used to extract the removals preventing from contaminating the cuts, and analgesia pumps were used for the two groups. Indications for removing the drain included: 24h drainage flow was less than 100mL; postoperative lung recruitment was favorable without pleural effusion. 1.3 Observation parameters The observation parameters included: 1) parameters during perioperative period: operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage flow, postoperative thoracic cavity drainage time, visual analogue scale (VAS) one day after operation, postoperative hospital stay, death rate during perioperative period, complications during perioperative period. 2) parameters related to tumor resection: total lymph node harvest, node-positive number, node-positive rate, N1 lymph nodes, N2 lymph nodes, N2 lymph node rate, and N2 lymph node groups. 1.4 Statistical methods Statistical software SPSS 16.0 was conducted to analyze the data. Quantitative data was showed as x ±s, and independent t-test was used to test the group comparisons. Enumeration data was presented as rate, and χà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ test was used to test group comparisons. Statistical significance was set as P 2. Results 2.1 Clinical characteristics There were no significant differences in sex, age, tumor location, postoperative pathological type, tumor invasion, visceral pleura invasion, and tumor classification, respectively (P> 0.05) (Table 1). In addition, there were no significant differences in total lymph node harvest, positive lymph node number, total mediastinal lymph node harvest, and dissection of mediastinal lymph node groups (P> 0.05) (Table 2). Table 1. Comparisons of pathological information between single-port group and three-port group. Single-port group (n=30) Three-port group (n=30) P value Gender 0.183 Male 9 11 Female 21 19 Age (year)* 25-77(61) 45-70(58) 0.583 Tumor location 0.096 Left upper lobe 8 4 Left inferior lobe 5 3 Right upper lobe 8 9 Right middle lobe 3 4 Right inferior lobe 6 10 Tumor type 0.341 Adenocarcinoma 25 22 Squamous carcinoma 2 6 Others 3 2 Tumor invasion 0.583 Carcinoma in situ 2 0 Micro invasion 5 6 Invasion 23 24 Visceral pleura invasion 0.799 No 22 21 Yes 8 9 TNM classification 0.989 Stage 0 1 1 Stage Ia 14 10 Stage Ib 6 10 Stage IIa 2 3 Stage IIb 3 2 Stage IIIa 4 4 *age:extreme value (median). Table 2. Comparisons of lymph node harvest between single-port and three-port group. Single-port group (n=30) Three-port group (n=30) P value Total lymph node harvest 23.6 ±11.2 25.4 ±7.3 0.737 Positive lymph nodes 1.5 ±3.1 1.9 ±4.9 0.971 Total mediastinal lymph node harvest 16.2 ±9.2 17.2 ±6.5 0.731 Dissection of mediastinal lymph node groups 4.4 ±1.0 4.4 ±0.8 0.637 2.2 Perioperative information All operations were under the video-assistance of total thoracoscopic lobectomy without other assisted endoscope incision. There were no deaths during preoperative period. However, there were a total of five cases with complications, two cases (1 case of arrhythmia; 1 case of systemic infections) in single-port group (6.7%), and another three cases (1 case of arrhythmia; 1 case of air leakage; 1 case of chylothorax) in three-port group (10.0%). There was no significant difference in complications between the two groups (P>0.05). Additionally, no significant differences in intraoperative blood loss, postoperative extubation time and postoperative hospital stay were observed (P>0.05). However, operation time in single-port group (209.0 ±45.5 min) was longer than that in three-port group (154.5 ±30.9min) (P Table 3. Comparisons of perioperative outcomes between single-port and three-port group Single-port group (n=30) Three-port group (n=30) P value Operation time (min) 209.0 ±45.5 154.5 ±30.9 0.000 Intraoperative blood loss (ml) 90.6 ±49.3 79.5 ±45.2 0.840 Postoperative extubation time (d) 4.0 ±1.5 5.4 ±3.7 0.256 Postoperative VAS 3.6 ±0.7 5.5 ±1.0 0.000 Postoperative hospital stay (d) 6.9 ±4.0 8.5 ±11.8 0.441 Postoperative complications 2 3 0.799 Arrhythmia 1 1 Systemic complications 1 0 Air leakage 0 1 Chylothorax 0 1 3. Discussions Single-port thoracoscopic technique was first reported to diagnose and treat non-complicated pleura-related disease in 2003[7]. In 2004, it was used in pulmonary wedge resection by Rocco et al.[8]. Seven years later, single-port thoracoscopic technique was reported to conduct lobectomy and lymphadenectomy by Gonzalez et al[9]. Since then, it was applied gradually in segment resection of lung [10], total pneumonectomy [11], bronchial sleeve resection [12] and angioplasty of pulmonary arteries [13]. However, most available literature focused on the feasibility and safety of single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy, and no studies compared it with three-port thoracoscopic lobectomy. The presented study retrospectively investigated the differences of clinical outcomes between single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy and three-port thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer. Jiang et al. [14] compared 160 cases of thoracoscopic lobectomy and 247 cases of conventional open surgery and found no signific ant differences in perioperative death (0.6% vs. 2.8%) and complication rate (9.4% vs. 11.7%) (P>0.05). It is indicated that thoracoscopic lobectomy was technically safe to treat NSCLC. Similarly in our study, the complication rates were 6.7% and 10.0% for single-port group and three-port group, respectively. However, there were no deaths during perioperative period in our study. Therefore, our study indicated that single-port lobectomy was at least technically safe compared with three-port group. The vital factor for radical resection of lung cancer by single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy was the dissection of lymph nodes. Jiang et al. [14] found no significant differences in dissection of lymph node groups (2.4 ±1.5 vs. 2.6 ±1.6) and lymph node harvest (9.8 ±6.2 vs. 9.9 ±5.9) between thoracoscopic lobectomy group and conventional open surgery group (P> 0.05). Similarly, Zhang et al.[15] found no significant differences in lymph node harvests (14.6 ±7.5 vs. 15.2 ±4.5) between video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery group and video-assisted micro thoracoscopy group. That was to say, the lymph node dissection by thoracoscopic lobectomy was at least equivalent to that by open surgery. In the presented study, there were no significant differences in total lymph node harvest (23.6 ±11.2 vs.25.4 ±7.3), mediastinal lymph node harvest (16.2 ±9.2 vs. 17.2 ±6.5), dissection of mediastinal lymph node groups (4.4 ±1.0 vs. 4.4 ±0.8) between the single-port group and th ree-port group. These results suggested that the lymph node harvest was at least equivalent to the previous studies. In other words, the dissection of lymph nodes by single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy was feasible in respect of radical removal of tumors. However, the long-term outcomes need further follow-up to confirm in the future. The incision of single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy was located at the cross point of anterior axillary line and the 4th/5th intercostal spaces, which, unlike conventional three-port thoracoscopy, did not have observation port or assisted-operation port. The 4th/5th intercostal spaces were wider with less muscle and less bleeding, which might have little impact on the postoperative recover with less pain. After comparing 20 cases of three-port thoracoscopic lobectomy and 10 cases of single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy in treating interstitial lung disease, Chen et al.[16] found that postoperative one-day VAS in single-port group (4.95 ±0.39) was significantly lower than that in three-port group (4.5 ±0.7) (P=0.03). Similarly in our study, postoperative one-day VAS in single-port group (3.6 ±0.7) was significantly lower than that in three-port group (5.5 ±1.0) (P In the presented study, the operation time (209.0 ±45.5 min) in single-port group was significantly lower than that in three-port group (154.5 ±30.9 min). The reasons included 1) all the operating instruments and thoracoscopy went through the single port, which might interfere each other, especially when the focus was near the dorsal cavity and diaphragm. 2) single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy had a strict skill requirement of qualified camera assistant. The camera assistant was supposed to know how to cooperate with the operator, how to allocate the location within the incision, and how to keep the camera stable. Our operation team launched the single-port-thoracoscopic lobectomy since May 2014, and we believed that the operation time would be shortened as we optimized our technique gradually. In summary, the feasibility and safety of single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy were similar to three-port thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer patients. With the development of instruments, the optimization of surgical procedure, and the accumulation of surgical experience, the operation time would likely be shortened gradually. Therefore, single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy was supposed to be popularized with its merits of minimal invasiveness.

Analytical essay on Primo Levi’s “If This Is a Man” Essay

Primo Levi’s book ‘If This Is a Man’ is a novel about a German concentration camp, one among many novels on the same subject. However, this book is exceptional as Levi never ‘raises his voice, complains, or attributes blame’. ‘If This Is a Man’ is an objective story told in a detached tone using scientific language, which sometimes makes this book not a confession but an analysis. Nevertheless, distant tone and unemotional language bring the horrifying message across with even greater impact on readers. The saddest, the most powerful, and the most ironic chapter of the book is the central ninth chapter, called ‘The Drowned and the Saved’. Here the author’s talent as well as his training as chemist comes through in unique manner. Instead of telling the story, Levi analyses the reasons, the methods, and the effects of German concentration camps. The result is more like an essay or even lab report rather than a part of a novel. The diction of the chapter is sharply contrasted with its content, emphasizing the terrifying events described. Already the first sentence of the chapter (â€Å"What we have so far said and will say concerns the ambiguous life of the Lager.† P. 102) reveals a lot. This sentence is the first step in building up the emotionless tone through technical diction. The first person point of view used throughout previous chapters is suddenly replaced by the pronoun â€Å"we† as it is used in official documents. With every following sentence, the dryness of expression grows gradually: â€Å"To this question we feel that we have to reply in the affirmative.† (p. 102), â€Å"†¦the Lager was presumably a gigantic biological and social experiment.† (p. 102), â€Å"But another fact seems to us worthy of attention†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 103). Read Also:  Analytic Rubric for Essay The impact of language is reinforced by the structure of the chapter. As Primo Levi names the Lager to be an experiment, he writes his analysis of the reasons and effects of the concentration camp in the form of a lab report. One can clearly distinguish statement of purpose, method statement, hypothesis, observations, conditions, and conclusion – all the important parts of a lab report. However, as said before the detachedness of the structure is in sharp contrast with the content. For example, the â€Å"method  statement† (â€Å"Thousands of individuals†¦ are enclosed within barbed wire: there they live a regular, controlled life which is identical for all and inadequate to all needs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  p. 102) describes plainly and understatedly terrifying conditions of the camp. Levi does not complain, he just says that the conditions are â€Å"inadequate to all needs† but the underestimation brings the message across more powerfully, especially when compared to previous chapters. Similarly, the author writes: â€Å"And one must take into account a definite cushioning effect exercised both by the law, and by the moral state which constitutes a self-imposed law;† (p. 103), a statement, describing the conditions of â€Å"the experiment†, implying that there is no law or sense of morality in the camps. However, yet again, there are no protests or grumbles, and the reader has to find the meaning behind the statement himself. â€Å"Variables† in the experiment are two categories of men – the saved and the drowned. Sudden change of tone – from official to poetic and back to official – is used to accentuate the difference among the prisoners, to bring it across for the reader that in the Lager the only choice was either to survive or to die. Everyone struggles to survive and in this brutal exertion, all means are justified. â€Å"If some Null Achtzehn vacillates, he will find no one to extend a helping hand; on the contrary, someone will knock him aside†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 103). With this line author clearly states the moral of the camps: if I’m not for myself, who will be for me? With bitter irony Levi avers that the law â€Å"to he that has will be given; to he that has not will be taken away.† (p. 104) is openly at work in the camp and to obey this law is the only possible way to survive. Thus, the morality of the Lager is the antithesis of morality of normal life the way the concentration camp itself is antithesis of normal world. This passage is even more sarcastic when the fact that Primo Levi himself was not particularly strong and capable prisoner but rather a ‘muselman’. However, as it has been mentioned in the beginning of this essay, Primo Levi’s book is different from other novels on the same topic. All the writers have shown the brutal morality, or rather immorality of the Lager and deduced from it that â€Å"the Hà ¤ftling is†¦ a man without inhibitions† (p.  103) thus giving up on the humankind. Levi’s attitude is different. He believes that humanity of the prisoners is still hidden deep in their souls waiting for an opportunity to recover. (â€Å"†¦in the face of driving necessity and physical disabilities many social habits and instincts are reduced to silence.† p. 103) and as it becomes evident in the end of the book, he proves to be right. Another fact worth mentioning about this chapter is that the title â€Å"The Drowned and the Saved† used to be also the title of the English translation of the novel, indicating hence the importance of the chapter. As a conclusion it can be said that the novel ‘If This is a Man’ by Primo Levi and especially the ninth chapter is a unique account of the horrifying actions carried out in German concentration camps as it tells the story unemotionally using scientific diction to accentuate the seriousness of matter discussed. Analysis of the reasons behind setting up the Lager, methods used to break down human soul and the effects of the actions carried out by SS officials gives an appalling insight to one of the most horrifying events of the 20th century.

Lawyers, Scientists Urge Ethics in Biological Advances

In this news article, the concerns of scientists toward an amoral approach to the advances of biological sciences and engineering are examined. Much of the article centers on a keynote address delivered by Harvard Law School professor Einer Elhauge where the professor states â€Å"The issue is that people tend not to focus on the consequences of certain forms of human re-engineering.†The professor goes on to comment that the great strides in biological science may yield a great number of advances in helping humanity overcome a number of diseases and afflictions, but he also acknowledges that there is great potential for abuse. Examples of such abuse include issues such as altering the sex of a child in the womb or even a deaf family biologically engineering the deafness of their offspring.Ultimately, the Elhuage’s focus is to convince the scientific community that, even though it has biological technology to alter evolution, it should use ethical standards before embark ing on the proverbial â€Å"playing God† concept that Mary Shelly warned science about 250+ years ago.To a great degree, the article is accurate in terms of its presentation and call for moral and ethical consciousness. Just because science reaches the technological or biological advances of a highly evolved society does not mean that science can now re-orchestrate what is considered morally acceptable in the hearts and minds of the population. As such, science should understand the limits of ethical and moral behavior and not approach advancements with total mindlessness and amorality.Congressman Calls out Tech Firms on China Ethics.The bulk of the purpose of this article is to put the onus on American and international businesses to reconsider their actions when empowering China by conducting extensive business with the nation.In the article, it is reported that Congressman Chris Smith has taken internet companies such as Yahoo, Google, Sysco Systems, etc to task for going along with China’s internet censorship program. This may not seem like an entirely important issue, but one needs to keep in mind that China is primarily a military-industrial complex dictatorship that has a horrible record for human rights violations. As Smith points out, when American businesses work in tandem with nations with such abominable track records they enable such dictatorships and help perpetuate significant human rights violations.Furthermore, it is noted that journalists in China have been censured and punished and imprisoned for exercising their free speech. Smith suggests that American businesses that contribute to such a scenario should be fined and sanctioned.What Smith is essentially doing here is he is compelling American companies to conform to ethical standards of behavior and that is commendable. However, these companies have limited ability in terms of being able to shape domestic Chinese law. Furthermore, in such a highly competitive international bu siness environment, it is difficult to impose ethics as defined by one nation onto another nation, no matter how noble the cause. Smith’s statements are commendable, but it is not entirely clear if they will be successful.Ethics board fines Dow for giving state workers airplane rideAs the title of the article infers, the center of the ethics controversy this article deals with is a fine levied at Dow Chemicals to the tune of $2,500.00 for flying three state college employees to an out of state training program. At the time of the issue of contention, Dow was launching a co-operative training program with the state college (Louisiana Community and Technical College) and provided free airline tickets to employees for meeting purposes. This, however, was a violation of state ethic laws, hence the fine.This scenario strikes one as, well, silly. For Dow to compensate the airline tickets of three state workers so all parties can hash out a co-operative venture hardly seems like une thical behavior, although it is defined as such under state ethics laws. While the whole scenario comes off as much ado about nothing (actually, $2500 to a multi-billion dollar company such as Dow is basically nothing), it technically is a violation of state laws and the levied fine is valid. However, it does not seem like any real, serious ethical violations actually took place.If anything, the situation appears more like an error as the result of an oversight as opposed to a deliberate ethical violation. Oversights, however, are not an excuse for not following directions. In that regard, the decision against Dow was valid and the fine levied justified.BibliographyAnon. (2007, February 9) Ethics board fines Dow for giving state workers airplane ride.The Associated Press.   Retrieved February 12, 2007 fromhttp://money.aol.com/news/ articles/_a/ethics-board-fines-dow-for-giving-state/n20070209095709990003Schwankert, Steven.   (2007, February 12) Congressman Calls out Tech Firms o nChina Ethics. IDG News Service, Retrieved February 12, 2007, fromhttp://www.infoworld.com//07/02/12/HNcongressmanchinaethics_1.html/article/ sourcedomain =www.dailyfreepress.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.comZerey, Ralpha. (2007, February 12) Lawyers, Scientists Urge Ethics in BiologicalAdvances. The Daily Free Press. Retrieved February 12, 2007, fromhttp://media.www.dailyfreepress.com/media/storage/paper87/news/2007/02/12/News/Lawyers.Scientists.Urge.Ethics.In.Biological.Advances-2712941.shtml?

Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps - 848 Words

Audrey Collins December 16, 2015 Alpha Company PVT/2 100 Years of JROTC Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (JROTC) First came to exist in 1916 as part of the National Defense act. The Mission of JROTC is to motivate young people to become better citizens and I know ever since I started JROTC that s just what I have done. Over the years JROTC has changed and evolved a lot over the years and i am proud to say that i can be part of an organization like JROTC. Before 1967 the amount of JROTC programs was limited to 1,200. The amount was increased to 1,600 programs and in 1967 again it was increased to 3,500 units in the year 1992 the limitation on the number of programs was removed from the law in 2001. The amount of Cadets that are required at minimum are three hundred in a Battalion. Women have served the United States Army since 1775. They nursed the sick and wounded, cleaned and fixed torn clothing, and cooked for the troops on military bases.Campaign services did not exist in the Army until the 20th century. Women were an invaluable but an essential part of the Army .Women continue to have a play an important role in ongoing operations and with the selfless sacrifices they make for their country, we continue to break through gender barriers. In 2013 the Secretary of Defense Leon E. Panetta signed a document that lifted the National Defense Department s ban on women to take part in direct ground combat roles. This decision overturned 1994’sShow MoreRelatedAir Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps1189 Words   |  5 Pagesask what is the point of Air Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps., and what does it teach you? Here is some food for thought AFJROTC stands for Air Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps. 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Gender Roles Of Women And Men - 1464 Words

Introduction: Gender Roles in media is how women and men are portrayed in everyday media such as tv shows, movies, and music. Today media can have negative effects on the thought of gender roles in the society because more and more people stereotype following the media, while stereotyping can lead to prejudices and gender discrimination. This is a controversial issue because men and women are depicted a certain way with unequal and identified gender-related stereotypes which influence the society of the 21st century. Men have always taken the dominant position in the society. The development of such a prejudiced view of gender roles caused the development of women’s inferiority. Gender roles in media effects cracking or breaking the†¦show more content†¦In the show the female character is always sexualized and portrayed in this risquà © light. The show depicts Mary Jane in a negative image because she becomes involved with a married man. Also, in the show the character is v ery determined to be successful in her occupation but many male in society would label her as a â€Å"bitch† when in reality she is not.† This quote shows that when women act the same way as men do in a professional atmosphere they would be labeled as selfish and domineering. If women don t act the way society wants them too then it is seen as disrespectful and then would be look upon in a negative way. After that women develop a bad reputation that sticks around developing a new stereotype for all women. Written in the same article another example is shown, â€Å"In both DC and Marvel superhero movies majority of the heroes are males. There have been many movies franchise such as Batman, Spider-man, Hulk, Superman, Iron Man, and Captain America with male superheroes. However, there have been very few with female superheroes. Catwomen is one of the few films that centers on a female lead.† This quote shows that in the media presented to an audience of va riety of people, gender roles are displayed showing that only men can really be a superhero whereas women aren’t really seen as strong enough to be a superhero. Women are usually thought of asShow MoreRelatedGender Roles Of Women And Men845 Words   |  4 Pagesexpected to play specific gender roles. In Canada women and men are thought of as equal, having the same rights to respect, autonomy, and independence (Bonvillain and Miller 2013: 39). The CBSA ignored this right when the agency allowed religious travellers to avoid female guards. Although men and women may have different roles in their households and communities, their work and activities are equally valued and socially rewarded (Bonvillain and Miller 2013: 39). These roles play an important partRead MoreGender Roles Of Men And Women1749 Words   |  7 PagesRoles of Males and Females in Different Television Programs Americans watch an alarming amount of television starting from a young age. The average American watches five hours of television a day (Koblin 2016). This enormous amount of media input influences perceptions and is connected to cementing many things in people, such as gender roles. Gender roles are thoughts, actions, and feelings learned by a person fitting their gender due to cultural norms (Santrock 2016). Additionally, stereotypes appealRead MoreGender Roles Of Women And Men1461 Words   |  6 PagesFor years, women have always been inferior to men. Even the bible states, women must be submissive. During War World II, women got a chance to experience a hint of freedom. Not by choice of course. While men went off to war, women had to hold down the fort at home. This marked the beginning to pioneer change. No one foresaw this innovation until it was too late. In a society were men are superior to women, was no longer susceptible. The road towards equality was certainly not an eas y one. AlthoughRead MoreGender Roles Of Women And Men Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Through many generations women were not treated equally as men. Women have fought their way to have gender equality but it has been slowly progressing. More women are starting to have high ranked jobs, more have been going into the workforce and don’t have to stay home all day long to take care of the kids. There are many differences between the gender roles (how women and men act or how they should be) when it comes to certain things. Like if you tell a girl, she hits like a boy or tellRead MoreThe Gender Roles Of Men And Women1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe gender roles of men and women were quite different in pre-20th-century drama. In his play Lysistrata, Aristophanes creates a world to bring about his thoughts on the Peloponnesian war with the comedic relief of gender role reversal. The women in his play are not necessarily the way women of his time were, but more of what men thought they were as well as what men feared or fantasized women could be like. Through action an d dialogue, the play shows examples of several different types of women. LysistrataRead MoreGender Roles of Men and Women2024 Words   |  8 PagesThe gender roles of men and women are defined before a person is even born. When a parent finds out that their child is either a little boy or girl, themselves and other family members will begin the process of gender role socialization. Gender role socialization as defined in Gidden’s Introduction to Sociology is â€Å"the learning of gender through social factors such as schooling, the media and family.† (Giddens et al. 2014: 216) By buying all blue or pink, making sure the boy will have trucks andRead MoreGender Roles Of Men And Women1702 Words   |  7 Pagesthe agricultural to industrial societies gender role has gradually changed in many ways. It can be seen from today that the role of male and female does not really much different. From the past with the perspective that women need to stay at home and perform housew ork while men need to work outside, these perspectives have changed over the time. Gender role which was built within the social contexts and since the globe has changed role of both men and women should be able to transform themselves toRead MoreGender Roles Of Men And Women1362 Words   |  6 PagesGender Roles in Fairy Tales Fairy tales have been around for generations. They are a way to express the idealistic realities of society. In most fairy tales, the roles of men and women reflect the way men and women are portrayed in reality. Many cultures believe that women are to be seen and not heard and that the only necessity for them is to take care of the house and raise children to repopulate society. Fairy tales originated from oral tradition. These stories were passed down and here eventuallyRead MoreGender Roles Of Men And Women1998 Words   |  8 Pages Men and Women have many different life experiences that allow their literature to be different from each other. Gender plays a really important role in society. From the day we are born, we are instantly given a blue blanket if we are a boy or a pink blanket if one is a girl. In society, we are told that we can be whoever we want to be, but many people especially women are criticized if they want to endure a path that is similar to a male. In literatu re, authors are able to express from their realRead MoreGender Roles And Expectations Of Men And Women1009 Words   |  5 Pagesthe last few decades, there has been a trend of shift in roles and expectations of men and women. The shift was dynamic in the latter half of the twentieth century. World had been made a great stride in acquiring and adapting to the new definition of gender roles. These changes can be seen in the fields of education, media, economics as well as many other things. The reason for the change is a rapid increase in the number of women at workplaces-worldwide. Unlikely, this wave of change is

Speech Of Alcibiades Speech - 1140 Words

The entrance of Alcibiades to symposium shifts the dialogue and suggests the reader his speech must be considered separate from the previous speeches. The first five speeches; the speech of Phaedrus, Pausanias, Eryximachus, Aristophanes, and Agathon contradicted each other and were reconciled in Diotima’s speech about love as in between mortal and immortal, in between beauty and ugliness, and in between wisdom and ignorance. To achieve it, one must give birth to true virtue. () However, Alcibiades speech changes the topic of the conversation from praising Eros/love, to praising Socrates. While the topic changed and this speech is separate, Alcibiades’ speech unknowingly to him, illustrates the arguments Diotima made about love by†¦show more content†¦Socrates’ words have a strong effect on Alcibiades, unlike any other, so much so that he makes him feel trapped and as if his political career is a waste. Socrates is the only person who has made him feel shame and a desire to change and pursue good things. However, when he’s away from Socrates he aims to please the crowd. The emotions are strong enough to make Alcibiades want Socrates gone, but he knows he’ll be more miserable if he is. Alcibiades asserts that Socrates pretends to be erotically attracted to beautiful younger men and be completely ignorant, but that these are all covers.In fact, he lives with great moderation, is very wise and has no interest in bodily concerns instead he desires beauty and good things. At one point, Alcibiades became aware of Socrates great wisdom, he hoped to seduce with his good looks to become Socrates’ beloved in order to learn some wisdom from him. However, when he finds himself alone with Socrates, Socrates just converses with him as he always does, not making any kinds of advances. On one occasion, he went with Socrates to the gymnasium and they wrestled together, alone, but Socrates still made no advances. Alcibiades best efforts, he has never managed to seduce Socrates as Socrates has no interest at all in physical pleasure. Alcibiades’ frustration is the confusion he ends up feeling with their relationship, where he seems to be the pursuer and Socrates the pursued. The element of roleShow MoreRelatedSpeech On Love It Is The Most Important1607 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Symposium Diotima’s speech on love it is the most important, therefore she should be the last speech to help impact the overall meaning. Although, she actually is not the last speech, Alcibiades is. This leads to questioning over why Alcibiades is at the end if the speech is just drunken madness. Diotima’s speech focuses on love and places important emphasis on the idea of beauty pertaining to love. She also focuses on the way a boy and a man’s relationship are centered around love becauseRead MoreThe Teachings Of Phaedrus And Alcibiades1040 Words   |  5 Pagespowerful in helping men gain virtue and blessedness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sym. 180B). Alcibiades is the perfect example of shame when he speaks about Socrates. He says that â€Å"Socrates is the only man in the world who has made [him] feel shame†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sym. 216B). Alcibiades adds that Socrates traps him and tells him that his political career is a waste while his personal shortcomings should take the center stage in his life; this is Socrates trying to teach Alcibiades virtue. His statement proves that Phaedrus was true in what heRead MorePlato s Symposium : The Nature Of Love1320 Words   |  6 PagesSocrates, Alcibiades, and Aristophanes are of main focus, as their similarities and differences help the reader to decide the truth of the nature of love. Throughout the Symposium, the accounts of love vary from speaker to speaker. The speech given by Socrates differentiates from the viewpoints of Alcibiades and Aristophanes, as well as all of the other speeches given. While Alcibiades, Aristophanes, and the other speakers in the Symposium focus on love of the individual, Socrates speech focuses onRead MoreEssay Aristotelian’s Normative Concept of Friendship1475 Words   |  6 Pagesof which Socrates’ and Alcibiades’ relationship can be ascribed to. To achieve this endeavor, one will need to understand Aristotle’s notion of perfect friendship based on reciprocal goodwill and virtue, and imperfect friendship based on utility and pleasure. By applying these evaluative aspects according to Socrates’ and Alcibiades’ characteristics and disposition in pursuing a friendship, the categories of their friendships are well elucidated. The friendship that Alcibiades seeks to obtain is thatRead MoreAnalys is Of The Book His Work Memorabilia 1169 Words   |  5 Pagesand rhetorical scrutiny. This paper will show how Xenophon’s refutation of the corruption charges rests on two simultaneous and premises, as made evident by the inclusion of the exchange between Alcibiades and Pericles. Initially, this refutation premises itself on dissociating Socrates from Alcibiades. Secondarily, however, Xenophon’s refutation premises itself on evaluating the ambiguities that exist in the antithetical relationship, between –on the one hand- the arguments made by an accuser thatRead MoreThucydides Sicilian Expidition Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesFirst of all, it is feasible to say that one of the most important reasons for the Athenian defeat was due to the fact that they were essentially not ready for another battle. The importance of prepraredness was exemplified by Perciles in his War speech, he was recollecting the Athenian ancestors success against the Persians and he stated it was more good planning than good luck. 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Complaint Management System Implementation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Complaint Management System Implementation. Answer: Introduction: The complaint management system comes under the category of Information system. The information system is a special kind of system that gathers raw data from various users and stores into the database for analyzing and sharing (Peppard Ward, 2016). The complaint management system implementation for the selected organization needs to be through following proper SDLC methodology. The database is the part of the system that stores the raw data and information so that the data can be easily retrieve. The software development life cycle methodology is the process of completing an ICT project through defining boundaries and various activities. The study includes various factors of the complain management system implementation in the selected organization. Designing the UML diagrams of the system is the main focus of the study. This allows the project stakeholders (internal) to understand the system functionalities. Moreover, based on the designs the system will be developed. Therefore, it is extremely crucial that the diagrams contain all the aspects of the system requirements. The study also holds the information like project schedule that has been developed using the agile methodology. The work breakdown structure of the project provides a great idea regarding the hierarchical distribution of work. The UML diagrams that have been presented within the study are use case diagram. In order to provide better understanding of the database, the relational schema and entity relational diagram has been created. Individual Report on Contribution to Project: In order to create the report on the project management activities, especially on designing, of complaint management system, the step was to understand the project requirements and customer-organization interest in the project. I, along with another team mate, have read the organizational requirements from the project and various factors involved in the project. This has allowed us to understand what should be the business requirements of the project. However, in order to understand each and every aspect of the ICT project I have read various books on information system project management and SDLC. I have searched various internet sites to understand the aspects of the project management that were not clear to me. After understating the business requirements, I have analyzed all the gathered information and generated the functional requirements of the system. Another member of my team was responsible for the nonfunctional requirements identification. However, after the identification of the system requirements, functional and nonfunctional, I have proof read all the generated data and prioritized the requirements. All the members, including me, selected the requirements that were most reasonable for the project. After the project requirements were found, we started the process of selecting the project management methodology that is to be followed for the project here. The complaint management system is a complex but small project in terms of other ICT projects. As I had better knowledge about the project requirements and case study of the organization, I chose to be the responsible person for selecting the project management methodology. I already had the knowledge that an ICT project must be completed through following a SDLC or software development life cycle methodology. I started researching about various SDLCs that can support the project requirements and customer requirements. After analyzing various SDLCs, I have come to the conclusion that the adaptive software development approach is the best solution for the methodology. There are various adaptive methodologies that can be considered as a potential methodology but the agile model is the best solution in this case. I have analyzed the processes and phases of the agile model and realized that all the phases are perfect for the Complaint Management System project. I have also contributed to the designing part of the project. The system requirements that I had identified were transferred to the logical design of the system. As it is very hard to transform all the requirements into system functionality, I had to took part in the designing phase. I have also designed the use cases of the project. As the use case supports all the other designs, I had design those at the very first of design phase. Product Backlog: ID Theme As a/an I want to So that Priority Status 2 Complaint Customer Register my complaint as efficiently as possible The registration process can be simple and easy Required To do 1 Complaint Customer Register complaints differently for different books I can track the progress of the complaint May be Added To do 5 Complaint Customer Have an option of tracking the progress of my complaint I can understand at which stage my complaint is and will be resolved or not Required To do 3 Functional Requirement Designer Have a report that will register the concerns regarding the system design I can recognize which parts to be modified to meet the user requirements Required To do 4 Functional Requirements Customer Have a error notification that will show if any error occurs I can understand what have gone wrong and be able to navigate through the system properly Required To do 7 Functional Requirement Administrator Have a page that will show all the complaints registered by the customers filtered as per provided conditions I can easily track the complaints registered by customer for a day or specific thing or any other thing Required To do 6 System Developer Want to have a list of findings So that tracking the product functionalities can be easy May be To do Entity Relationship Diagram: The entity relation diagram shows the connection between the tables of the database. The database has many-to-many relation between the complaint and book table. At the time of implementing the database, this has to be resolved. Another entity called Complaint_Book can be added so that the many-to-many relation can be breakdown into many to one relation. The primary key of table book and customer has been used as the primary key in the complaint table. The status attribute of the customer will indicate whether the customer is blocked or not. If the customer is blocked then he/she will not be able to register any complaint. Within the Relational schema, the tables, attributes and relations has been has been shown. This has been done for understanding and organizing the structure of the database. As this database is being designed from the scratch, the relational schema has been very useful. The red marked attributes are primary keys of the tables customer, complaint and book respectively. The green marked attributes are foreign keys. The foreign keys has been connected to the respective primary key through an arrow as the diagram shows. The architecture diagram is the blueprint of the whole complaint management system. The user devices can be a computer, mobile device or laptop. The user will access the site from the web through sending the request. The web server will catch the request and pass it to the application server through a firewall check. The application server is connected to the system and database server. The database server is connected to the database. The admin can manage various configuration of the system. The systems main functions and database will be separated from the main servers so that in case of DDoS attack, the system will not be corrupted. Use Cases: Name Register Complaint ID User-UC2 Description The customer will register a complaint into the system regarding any issue Actors Customer Organizational benefits The organization can understand how much issues they are required to solve to have better customer service Frequency of Use Monthly Triggers A new row is created in the complaint table of the database Preconditions The customer must be allowed by the system to register complaint Post Conditions The complaint is registered into the database successfully Actions The customer will login to the system. The system will verify the customer. The customer will open section of the register complaint system that has complaint register form. The customer will fill up the form. The customer will submit form. The system stores the complaint into the database. Exception The connection between database and database server is lost. Name View Complaint History ID User-UC4 Description The customer will show the complaints that he/she has registered Actors Customer Organizational benefits Better customer service result into customer loyalty increase Frequency of Use Weekly Triggers The database will retrieve the information regarding the complaints of a specific customer Preconditions The customer must have registered a single complaint Post Conditions The complaint is successfully shown Actions The customer will login to the system. The system will verify the customer. The customer will request to see the complaints. The system will check if the user has registered any complaint. The customer will see the registered complaints. Exception The customer has been blocked The swimlanes diagram has shown the flow activities from the user to the system. The customer first logins to the system for accessing the functionalities of the system then redirected to the complaint register section. After submission of the form, the database stores the form into the database. Gantt-Chart and WBS: WBS Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors Resource Names Cost 0 Complaint Management System Implementation 48 days Mon 8/14/17 Fri 10/08/17 $118,760.00 1 Project Planning 3 days Mon 8/14/17 Thur 8/17/17 $26,200.00 1.1 Project Charter 2 days 8/18/17 Wed 8/20/17 Project manager $1,360.00 1.2 Project Scope 2 days Wed 8/21/17 Thu 8/23/17 2 Project manager $1,360.00 1.3 Project Team 1 days Fri 8/23/17 Mon 8/26/17 3 Project manager,Administration officer $1,840.00 1.4 Role and Responsibility 1 days Fri 8/23/17 Mon 8/26/17 4 Administration officer,Project manager $1,840.00 1.5 Kickoff Meeting 1 days Fri 8/23/17 Mon 8/26/17 5 Administration officer $480.00 1.6 Project Plan Sharing 1 days Fri 8/23/17 Mon 8/26/17 5 Administration officer $720.00 1.7 Contract Signing 1 day Thu 8/24/17 Thu 8/24/17 4,5 Administration officer $240.00 1.8 Develop Scope Baseline 1 days Fri 8/25/17 Tue 8/25/17 8 Project manager $2,040.00 1.9 Developing schedule and cost baseline 1 days Fri 8/25/17 Tue 8/25/17 9 Project manager $2,040.00 1.10 Project Risk Identification 1 days Mon 8/26/17 Mon 8/26/17 10 Project manager $2,720.00 1.11 Developiong Risk Management Strategies 1 days Mon 8/26/17 Mon 8/26/17 11 Project manager $3,400.00 1.12 Time Management Startegy Development 1 days Fri 8/27/17 Fri 8/27/17 12 Project manager $2,040.00 1.13 Resource Management Strategy Development 1 days Fri 8/30/17 Fri 8/30/17 13 Project manager $1,360.00 1.14 Develop Schedule of the Project 1 days Fri 8/30/17 Fri 8/30/17 14 Project manager $1,360.00 1.15 Estimate Budget of the Project 2 days Mon 9/4/17 Tue 9/5/17 15 Project manager $3,400.00 1.16 Project Planning Complete 0 days Wed 9/6/17 Wed 9/6/17 16 $0.00 2 Requirement Analysis 3 days Thur 9/7/17 Sat 9/9/17 $17,840.00 2.1 Information Gathering Technique Identification 1 days Mon 9/11/17 Mon 9/11/17 17 Business analyst $800.00 2.2 Gathering Information 2 days Tue 9/12/17 Wed 9/13/17 19 Business analyst $4,000.00 2.3 Analyzing Collected Information 1 days Thu 9/13/17 Thu 9/13/17 20 Programmer $1,200.00 2.4 Defining System Requirements 2 days Fri 9/14/17 Sat 9/15/17 21 Programmer,Project manager $8,640.00 2.5 Analyzing Requirements 2 days Mon 9/17/17 Tue 9/18/17 22 Project manager $2,720.00 2.6 Requirement Documentation 2 days Mon 9/17/17 Tue 9/18/17 23 Administration officer $480.00 2.7 Requirement Analysis Complete 0 days Mon 9/17/17 Tue 9/18/17 24 $0.00 3 Designing Phase 3 days Wed 9/19/17 Sat 9/21/17 $20,080.00 3.1 Collecting System Requirements 1 day Thur 9/20/17 Fri 9/20/17 25 Administration officer $240.00 3.2 Analyzing the Requirements 2 days Thur 9/20/17 Fri 9/20/17 27 Project manager $5,440.00 3.3 Defining System Functionalities 2 days Thur 9/20/17 Fri 9/20/17 25,27 Programmer $3,600.00 3.4 Design System Components 2 days Sat 9/21/17 Mon 9/23/17 29 Programmer $2,800.00 3.5 User Interface Designing 2 days Sat 9/21/17 Mon 9/23/17 30 Graphical user interface developer $2,000.00 3.6 Designing System Architecture 2 days Sat 9/21/17 Mon 9/23/17 31 Programmer $2,400.00 3.7 Designing Database 4 days Sat 9/21/17 Wed 9/25/17 32 Database developer $1,600.00 3.8 Designing Network 4 days Sat 9/21/17 Wed 9/25/17 31,32 Programmer $2,000.00 3.9 Design Phase Complete 0 days Wed 9/25/17 Wed 9/25/17 34 $0.00 4 Development Phase 7 days Mon 9/18/17 Mon 9/25/17 $52,400.00 4.1 Coding of the System 14 days Mon 9/18/17 Tue 9/03/17 35 Programmer $10,000.00 4.2 System Unit Development 5 days Mon 9/18/17 Fri 9/25/17 35,37 Graphical user interface developer,Programmer $20,000.00 4.3 Database Development 15 days Mon 9/18/17 Sat 9/26/17 38 Database developer $6,000.00 4.4 System Network Implementation 5 days Tue 9/19/17 Sat 9/23/18 39 Programmer $6,800.00 4.5 User Interface Development 5 days Mon 9/18/17 Fri 3/23/18 37 Graphical user interface developer $4,800.00 4.6 Connecting Database with System 2 days Sat 9/26/17 Mon 9/28/17 41 Database developer,Programmer $3,200.00 4.7 Connecting System with Network 1 days Sat 9/23/18 Mon 9/25/18 42 Programmer $1,600.00 4.8 Development Phase Complete 0 days Mon 9/25/18 Mon 9/25/18 43 $0.00 5 Testing Phase 6 days Tue 9/26/18 Mon 10/02/17 $1,920.00 5.1 Design/Requirements Review 1 day Wed 10/03/17 Thur 10/04/17 44 Tester $320.00 5.2 Test Planning 1 day Wed 10/03/17 Thur 10/04/17 46 Tester $320.00 5.3 Test Design 1 day Wed 10/03/17 Thur 10/04/17 47 Tester $320.00 5.4 Test Environment Setup 1 day Wed 10/03/17 Thur 10/04/17 48 Tester $320.00 5.5 Test Execution 1 day Fri 10/05/17 Sat 10/06/17 49 Tester $320.00 5.6 Test Reporting 1 day Fri 10/05/17 Sat 10/06/17 50 Tester $320.00 5.7 Testing Phase Complete 0 days Fri 10/05/17 Fri 10/05/17 51 $0.00 6 Deployment Phase 1 day Fri 10/05/17 Sat 10/06/17 $320.00 6.1 Deploying System in BrisGames Environment 1 day Mon 10/08/17 Mon 10/08/17 52 Tester $320.00 6.2 Deployment Complete 0 days Mon 10/08/17 Mon 10/08/17 54 $0.00 Table 1: The Schedule of the Project (Source: Created by Author) Conclusion: From the above study, it can be concluded that the information system designing is a complex and crucial process. The designs of the complaint management system have provided an in-depth knowledge about the functionalities of the system along with the structure of the database. There is two use case diagram in the design and both of those has been able to show the interaction among the user and system. The UML diagrams has been a great source of understanding the systems internal aspects. Within the study, the database design has been provided most expressive way. Using the ERD and relational schema does not leave any space to provide further information about the database. The swim-lanes has been used for providing an idea of the flow of activities within the system and user. The study profoundly follows every instruction that is needed to show the design aspects of an IS. There is still some areas to improve such as including other UML diagrams and alternative architecture of the system. Bibliography: Al-alshuhai, A., Siewe, F. (2015). An Extension of UML Activity Diagram to Model the Behaviour of Context-Aware Systems. InComputer and Information Technology; Ubiquitous Computing and Communications; Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing; Pervasive Intelligence and Computing (CIT/IUCC/DASC/PICOM), 2015 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 431-437). IEEE. Bass, J. M. (2015). How product owner teams scale agile methods to large distributed enterprises.Empirical Software Engineering,20(6), 1525-1557. Bonham-Carter, G. F. (2014).Geographic information systems for geoscientists: modelling with GIS(Vol. 13). Elsevier. Fernandez-Saez, A. M., Genero, M., Chaudron, M. R., Caivano, D., Ramos, I. (2015). Are Forward Designed or Reverse-Engineered UML diagrams more helpful for code maintenance?: A family of experiments.Information and Software Technology,57, 644-663. Forbrig, P., Herczeg, M. (2015). Managing the Agile process of human-centred design and software development. InINTERACT(pp. 223-232). Kuhl, J. G. (2014). Incorporation of Agile Development Methodology into a Capstone Software Engineering Project. Passera, S. (2018). Flowcharts swimlanes and timelinesAlternatives to prose in communicating legal-bureaucratic instructions to civil servants.J. Bus. Tech. Commun. Peppard, J., Ward, J. (2016).The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Poort, E. R. (2014). Driving agile architecting with cost and risk.IEEE Software,31(5), 20-23. Sangeeta, K., Rao, P. S. (2017). Onto Extractor: A Tool for Ontology Extraction from ER/EER diagrams.International Journal,8(5). Sharma, C., Sabharwal, S., Sibal, R. (2014). Applying genetic algorithm for prioritization of test case scenarios derived from UML diagrams.arXiv preprint arXiv:1410.4838. Storrle, H. (2014, September). On the impact of layout quality to understanding UML diagrams: size matters. InInternational Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems(pp. 518-534). Springer, Cham. Suri, P., Sharma, D. (2016). An Algorithm for Mapping ER Schema in to XML DTD with Recursion.International Journal of Computer Applications,136(10), 16-17. Yang, L., Cao, L. (2016). The Effect of MySQL Workbench in Teaching Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) to Relational Schema Mapping.International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science,8(7), 1.